A
Miserable, Merry Christmas
学习目标
1.
四、六级词汇和短语
anxiety, eve, grown-up,
impatience, indignant, lest, miserable, misery,
rude, scarcely, weep, wrong, make sure, nothing
but, stick to, hang up, or something, catch,
sight of, draw near, break into, in place
2.
结构与句式
3.
同义辨析
1) cry, weep, sob
2) wrong, fault
3) rise, raise, arise
4) anger, rage, indignation
4.
提高英语听力
5.
阅读理解阅读技巧
6.
提高英语写作
学习特点
本文是一篇记叙文，贯穿全文的线索是圣诞礼物
––––
一匹小马。围绕这一线索，本文以第一人称的口吻叙述了作者童年时代一次难忘的圣诞节。
第一部分(第1－8段)交代了时间、地点、人物和事件的线索
–––– 一匹小马。
第二部分(第9－11段)写圣诞节当天我并未如愿以偿得到渴望已久的小马，感到极度的失望。本段作者运用朴实的语言向我们描述了小男孩热切盼望的心情，失望伤心的表现，以及全家人特别是父亲焦虑不安的心情，使我们深切地体会到一家人浓浓的亲情，同时也觉察到小男孩是个被宠坏的孩子。
第三部分(第12－19段)告诉我们小男孩终于如愿以偿，得到了一匹梦寐以求的小马。本段是故事的高潮，小男孩在失望时看到了骑马人，心中的希望立刻升起，继而骑马人远去，他又跌入失望的深渊，而正在此时，骑马人又令人惊喜地返回，告诉我们那匹马正是期盼已久的礼物。阴云驱散，全家人喜气洋洋，小男孩更是欣喜若狂。
第四部分(第20段)回到写文章的现在，讲“我”至今回忆起那个又悲又喜的圣诞节，认为既是最好的又是最糟的。
本文用词口语化，儿童化，平易生动，符合人物身份和心理特点，具有较强的可读性。
学习策略和方法
（一） 词汇记忆
1. pony n. 小马，矮种马
[联想]
horse n. 马 donkey n.
驴 mule n. 骡子
cattle n. 牛 sheep n.
绵羊 goat n. 山羊
puppy n. 小狗 kitten n.
小猫 calf n. 小牛
lamb n. 小羊
2. boot n. 长统靴
[联想]
sandal n. 凉鞋 slipper
n. 便鞋 shoe n. 鞋
high heels n. 高跟鞋
3. candy n. 糖果
[联想]
sugar n. 糖 sweet n.
糖果 （英） chocolate n.
巧克力 (chewing) gum n.
口香糖
4. stocking n. 长统袜
[联想]
sock n. 短袜 suspender
n. 女用吊袜带 tights n.
女用连裤袜
5. eve n. 前夕，前夜
[搭配]
New Year’s Eve 新年除夕
Christmas Eve 圣诞节前夕
6. fireplace n. 壁炉，火炉
[联想]
前缀fire 构成的复合名词：
fire-alarm n. 火警
fire-engine n. 消防车
fireman n. 消防队员
firewood n. 木柴
firework n. 焰火
6. stable n. 马厩
[联想]
barn n. 牲口棚 pigsty n.
猪圈 hen house n.
鸡舍 bee(hive) n. 蜂窝
adj. 稳定的
a stable society 稳定的社会
7. forehead n. 前额
[联想]
前缀 fore-
表示“先”“前”“预先”： forearm n.
前臂 forefinger n.
食指 forefoot n.
前脚 foreleg n. 前腿
forename n. 名 forenoon
n. 午前，上午 forecast v.
预报，预测 foresee v.
预见，预知 foretell v.
预言，预示
8. kid n. 小孩，儿童
[联想]
infant n. 婴儿，幼儿 tot n.
小娃娃 youngster n.
年轻人，小伙子
v. 戏弄，取笑，开玩笑
[例句]
Are you kidding? 你是开玩笑吗？
9. trot v. 小跑
[例句]
The horse came trotting down the lane.
这马在小路上慢跑。
[联想]gallop
n. v. (马)飞奔，疾驰
canter n. v. (马)普通跑，中速跑
walk n. v. (马)慢步跑
10. broken-hearted adj.
心碎的
[联想]
形容词加名词的过去分词构成复合形容词：
warm-hearted adj. 热心的
cold-hearted adj. 冷淡的
strong-hearted adj. 勇敢的
whole-hearted adj. 全心全意的
hard-hearted adj. 冷酷的
11. happiness n. 幸福，快乐
[派生]
happy adj. 幸福的，快乐的
happily adv. 幸福地
unhappy adj. 不幸福的
unhappily adv. 悲惨地
unhappiness n. 不幸福
[联想]
形容词加后缀 ness
构成名词：
loudness n. 响度
sadness n. 悲伤
carelessness n. 粗心
kindness n. 仁慈
12. brand-new adj.
全新的，崭新的
[例句]
a brand-new car 一辆崭新的车
[联想]
名词加形容词构成复合形容词：
carefree adj. 无忧无虑的
lifelong adj. 终生的
snow-white adj. 雪白的
worldwide adj. 全球的
nationwide adj. 全国的
13. mixed-up adj.
混合的，混杂的
[联想]
动词短语的过去分词构成复合词：
grown-up adj. 成熟的，成年人的
broken-down adj. 坏的，损坏的
14. mane n. 马鬃
[联想]
bridle n. 马笼头 hoof n.
蹄，马蹄 stirrup n.
马镫 harness n. 马具
rein n. 缰绳 saddle n.
马鞍
（二） 课文学习
1.
本文是一个有趣的小故事，为抓住主要故事情节，可根据下面的pre-questions进行复述。
Pre-questions for the text:
1) What is the boy’s
name?
2) What did he want as a
Christmas present?
3) What did he do on
Christmas Eve and What did he get early on
Christmas morning?
4) How did he react and feel,
then?
5) What did his mother do
when he was weeping?
6) And what about his father?
7) What happened after an
hour or so?
8) Who was the man looking
for?
9) How did the boy feel when
he finally got what he wanted?
10) What does he think of
that Christmas?
2. Write a summary with the
following as guidance:
round the corner, declare, as
a Christmas present, hang up, while, so hurt,
burst into tears, catch sight of, so happy and
thrilled, had planned so carefully, the best or
the worst
(Suggested summary for
reference: With Christmas round the corner, I
declared I wanted nothing but a pony as a
Christmas present. I hung up my stocking along
with my sisters. The next morning I found my
stocking empty while my sisters’
were full of wonderful things. I was so hurt
that I burst into tears. After an hour or so, I
caught sight of a man riding a pony with a
lovely saddle on it. It was the very pony that
my parents bought me for the Christmas present.
So happy and thrilled I was when I finally got
what I had wanted. But I could hardly tell
whether that Christmas which my father had
planned so carefully was the best or the worst.
)
课文辅导
（一）内容概述
本文选自美国著名新闻工作者、编辑林肯•斯蒂芬斯的《自传》，记叙了作者童年时代亲身经历过的一个圣诞节：圣诞节将至，小男孩宣布他只想要一匹小马作为圣诞礼物。但使他大失所望的是，圣诞当天起床时，他的袜子还是空无一物。这对于一个小男孩来说，简直是难以承受的。他的心都碎了。但一两个小时之后，他的小马终于来了――最好的礼物总是姗姗来迟。这就是他所经历的一个“痛苦而快乐的圣诞节”，他几个小时之内经历了令人心碎的痛苦到极度的喜悦，这种一个极端到另一个极端的经历令他终生难忘。
（二）背景知识
1.
12月25日是基督教徒纪念耶稣基督诞生的日子，称为圣诞节。英文Christmas(有时简写为Xmas)
由Christ (基督)和Mass
(弥撒)两字组成，意思是在圣诞节这一天教徒们到教堂去，举行仪式庆祝耶稣基督的诞生。圣诞节是西方基督教社会最重要的节日。12月24日被称为圣诞前夜
(Christmas Eve)，12月25日为圣诞日，而圣诞季
(Christmas Season)可以持续一个多月。圣诞节至今已有两千多年的历史了，刚开始的宗教色彩在逐渐地淡化，今天在很多庆祝它的国家，人们大部分把它看作一个属于家庭的节日，一个和各处的朋友欢聚的节日。圣诞节必不可少的活动通常包括：互赠圣诞卡、圣诞礼物，以圣诞树点缀屋子，圣诞前夜的圣诞晚餐等。
2. 关于圣诞树
(Christmas Tree)
圣诞节最重要的点缀要算圣诞树。圣诞树一般是挺拔的塔形松柏之类的常绿树，树上挂满闪闪发光的金银纸片、用棉花制成的雪花和五颜六色的彩色灯泡(传统习惯是挂小蜡烛)，有时也把圣诞礼物挂在上面。根据习俗，12月24日夜一家人围坐在美丽的圣诞树下，共进圣诞晚餐，别人赠送的礼物也要在圣诞树下打开。
3. 关于圣诞老人
(Santa Claus, Father Christmas)
圣诞老人在美国英语中为Santa Claus，在英国英语中则称为Father
Christmas。圣诞老人是个留着银白胡须、和蔼可亲的老人，头戴红色尖帽，身穿白皮袖边、白皮领子的大红袍，腰间扎着一条宽皮带。据说圣诞老人在圣诞夜驾着八只鹿拉着的满载礼品的雪橇，从北方雪国来到各家，从屋顶的烟囱下来，经过壁炉到房间里，把糖果、玩具等礼品装进孩子们吊在壁炉旁或床头的长袜子里。现在，在英、美等国家，不少撒商场在圣诞节期间专门派人装扮成圣诞老人，向顾客，尤其是他们所携带的孩子分发糖果和礼品。
（三）重点词汇精讲
1.
miserable
adj. 悲惨的，可怜的
[例句]
miserable living conditions 穷困的生活条件
a miserable failure 惨败
[派生]
misery n. 苦痛，难受
miserably adv. 悲惨地
[联想]
后缀 -able 构成形容词：
eatable adj. 可食用的
drinkable adj. 可以饮用的
washable adj. 可洗的
comfortable adj. 舒适的
reasonable adj. 有道理的
sensible adj. 可感觉的
2.
merry
adj. 欢乐的，愉快的
[例句]
a merry smile 愉快的微笑
Merry Christmas! 圣诞快乐
[派生]
merrily adv. 愉快地，高兴地
3.
limp
adj. 软的；松沓的;
无力的
[例句]
a limp handshake / gesture / response无力的握手/姿势/反应
The flowers looked limp in
the heat. 花在热天发蔫。
[同义]
soft
[反义]
firm, stiff
4.
kneel
v. 跪，跪下
[例句]
He knelt down on the mat and began to pray.
他跪在垫子上开始祈祷。
[派生]
knee n. 膝，膝盖
5.
indignant
adj. 气愤的；愤慨的
[例句]
Customers were indignant about the high house
rents. 顾客对高昂的房租感到愤慨。
[派生]
indignantly adv. 愤怒地，生气地
indignation n. 愤怒，气愤
[搭配]
be indignant about/at/over sth 对某事感到愤慨
be indignant with sb
对某人感到愤怒
[例句]
He was indignant with his son about his poor
performance in school. 他为儿子在学校表现差而感到愤怒。
6.
weep
v. 哭泣，流泪
[例句]
She wept bitter tears over her lost youth.
她为自己逝去的青春痛苦地流泪。
[搭配]
weep over
7.
rude
adj. 粗鲁的，不礼貌的
[例句]
It was very rude of him to leave without telling
us. 他不向我们打招呼就走了，这是非常不礼貌的。
[派生]
rudely adv. 粗鲁地
rudeness n. 粗鲁
8.
wrong
v. 委屈, 冤枉
[例句]
I wronged him by/in saying he had lied.
我说他撒谎是冤枉他了。
adj.
错误的，不对的；不道德的，邪恶的；不适当的，不合适的
[例句]
a wrong answer 错误的答案
wrong conducts 不道德的行为
This is a wrong time to make
a visit. 现在这个时间区拜访是不合适的。
n. 错误；坏事
[例句]
He is too young to know right from wrong.
他太年轻还不能识别是非。
[搭配]
do wrong to sb /do sb wrong 冤枉某人，对某人不公正
in the wrong 不对的；应受谴责的
what’s
wrong with sb/sth 某人或某事出毛病
[例句]
The referee has done much wrong to our football
team. 裁判员对我们的足球队很不公正。
Which of the two drivers is
in the wrong? 这两个司机中哪一个有责任？
What’s
wrong with your bike? 你的自行车出了什么毛病？
adv. 错误地，不正确地
[例句]
He spelled the word wrong. 他把这个单词拼写错了。
Something has gone wrong with
my computer. 我的计算机出了问题。
[派生]
wrongly adv. 错误地，不正确地
wrongful adj. 不公正的，不正当的；非法的
9.
anxiety
n. 焦虑，担心，不安；渴望
[例句]
There’s a lot of
anxiety among the staff about possible job
loses. 工作人员都很忧虑，担心可能失业。
[派生]
anxious adj. 担心的，焦虑的
anxiously adv. 担心地
10.
impatience
n. 急躁，不耐烦；切望，焦急
[派生]
impatient adj. 不耐烦的，急躁的
patient adj. 耐心的 n.
病人 patience n.
耐心
[联想]
前缀 im- 加在以p,
m, b开头的词前表示否定：
immoral adj. 不道德的
impersonal adj. 非个人的
impolite adj. 不礼貌的
impossible adj. 不可能的
impracticable adj. 行不通的
[搭配]
be impatient for sth/to do sth 迫不及待地做
be patient/impatient with sb 对某人有/没有耐心
be impatient of 不能容忍
[例句]
I was impatient for the result of the exam.
我急于知道考试的结果。
She was impatient to see her
new teacher. 她急于想见到她的新老师。
The policeman was impatient
with him. 警察对他没有耐心。
He was impatience of bad
manners. 他不能容忍不讲礼貌的行为。
11.
brand
n. 商标，牌子
v. 打上烙印，铭刻
[搭配]
brand sth on one’s
mind 把某事铭刻在心 brand as
指责为，加上（罪名）
[例句]
This exciting film was branded on my mind.
这部激动人心的影片铭刻在我的心中。
She is branded as a thief.
她被称为小偷。
[同义]
trademark n. 商标
12.
saddle
n. 马鞍，鞍状物
[搭配]
be in the saddle 骑着马；执政，掌权
get into the saddle 骑上马；走马上任，就职
13.
scarcely
adv. 几乎不，简直不
[搭配]
scarcely ... when/before 一… 就…
[例句]
Scarcely had I entered the building when it
began to rain. 我刚一走进大楼就开始下起雨来。
[注意]
在scarcely…
when 这个句型中，主句通常用过去完成时的倒装句，从句用过去时态。
在用scarcely
的句子中，反问要用肯定形式，因为 scarcely
本身具有否定的意义。
[例句]
She scarcely knew a word of French, did she?
她几乎不懂什么法语，不是吗？
[同义]
hardly adv. 刚刚，几乎不
barely adv. 仅仅，刚刚；几乎不
14.
scarce
adj. 缺乏的；难得的；罕见的
[例句]
Good fruit is scarce in winter, and costs a lot.
好的水果在冬天很缺乏，而且价格昂贵。
[同义]
inadequate adj. 不充分的
lacking adj. 缺少的
insufficient adj. 不足的，缺少的
deficient adj. 缺乏的，不足的
[反义]
ample adj. 充足的，丰富的
enough adj. 足够的
sufficient adj. 充分的，足够的
15.
thrill
v. 使… 非常激动
[例句]
We thrilled when we heard his story in South
Africa. 当我们听到他在南非的经历时我们感到非常激动
n. 一阵激动；令人激动人心的事
[例句]
Meeting the famous footballer was a great thrill
for the children.
跟这位著名的足球运动员见面对孩子们来说是一件激动人心的大事。
[派生]
thriller n. 使人毛骨悚然的人或者物；恐怖小说
thrilling adj. 战栗的
[同义]
excite v. 使激动
16.
misery
n. 不幸，苦难
[例句]The
new neighbors play loud music all the time and
it’s making our lives
a misery. 新来的邻居整天播放响声很大的音乐，吵得我们整天苦不堪言。
[派生]
miserable adj. 极不愉快的，痛苦的
（四）重点词组
1.
make sure
弄明，查清楚
[例句]
Make sure that you understand the sequence in
which these activities are arrived out.
务必确信自己弄懂进行这些活动的顺序。
Make sure of your facts
before you write the article.
写那篇文章之前，一定要弄清事实。
[比较]
be sure一定，千万要
[例句]
Be sure to write to me as soon as you get there.
你一到那儿就一定要给我写信。
Be sure that you give the
order for bread to the baker.
你一定要把面包订单交给面包师。
I’m quite sure (that) I left
the book on the table. 我确实记得我把书放在桌上了。
2.
nothing
but仅仅，除了…什么也没有
[例句]
Nothing but a miracle can save him.
只有奇迹才能救他。
It’s nothing but a joke.
这不过是个笑话而已。
3.
stick to
粘住；不离；坚持；信守
[例句]
Glue sticks to the finger. 胶水粘手指。
The nickname stuck to him.
他这个绰号一直被人叫着。
I’ve made my decision and I’m
going to stick to it.
我已经作出了决定，而且我会坚守这一立场。
We haven’t got much time, so
please stick to the point.
我们时间不多，因此谈话请紧扣主题。
I didn’t like that Chinese
tea; I’ll stick to Indian tea in future.
我不喜欢喝那种中国茶，以后我还是继续喝印度茶。
[比较]
insist on 坚持认为，坚决要求
hold on坚持下去
(不及物动词词组，不跟宾语)
[例句]
He insisted on his innocence , even though he
police refused to believe him.
尽管警方不相信他的话，他还是坚持他是无罪的。
They are insisting on
immediate repayment. 他们坚决要求立即偿还贷款。
He was determined to hold on
to this job whatever difficulties he might run
into. 他下定决心，不管碰到什么困难，都坚持做这个工作。
4.
hang up
挂起
[例句]
hang up trimmings on a Christmas tree把装饰品挂在圣诞树上
There are some hangers in the
closet on which to hang up your cloths.
壁橱里有一些衣架可以挂衣服。
5.
or
something = or
something similar or something of that sort
诸如此类,
或是…的，或是…之类
[例句]
He said he was going shopping or something.
他说要去购物或是什么的。
I think he left because he
had lost his job or something.
我想他离开是因为丢了工作或是什么的。
The train gets in at 3:17 or
something (like that). 这次列车在3:17分或是什么时间进站。
6.
catch
sight of = see for a
moment看见
[例句]
I caught sight of my old fiend in town today.
我今天在城里看见我的老朋友了。
Just then I caught sight of
him getting on a bus. 就在那时，我看见他上了一辆公共汽车。
[比较]
lose sight of 看不见 at
first sight乍一看
in / within sight 看得见
out of sight 看不见了
7.
draw near
邻近，接近
[例句]
Spring is drawing near. 春天即将来临。
Night drew near.
夜幕降临了。
[比较]
draw on = to come near in time, approach
邻近，接近
[例句]
Winter is drawing on. 冬天快到了。
8.
break into
闯入；打断；突然…起来
[例句]
Thieves broke into his house. 窃贼闯进他的家。
break into tears / a wail /
laughter / cheers / rage 突然哭/哀号/大笑/欢呼/生气起来
He broke rudely into our
talk. 他粗鲁地打断了我们的谈话。
9.
in place = in the
right place 在适当的位置；恰当的
[例句]
I like to have everything in place.
我喜欢每件东西都放在恰当的地方。
Your suggestion is quite in
place. 你的建议很恰当。
[比较]
in one’s place / in place of = instead of
替代
[例句]
Who is here in place of the manager?
谁在这里代替经理？
（五）句子
1. There ought to be
something to fill your stocking with …
总该有些东西把你的长统袜塞满吧。
1) 不定式to
fill your stocking with作定语，修饰不定代词something作不定式中的介词with的宾语。如，
They wanted to find a place
to live in.
2) ought to“应该”，情态动词，表示责任和劝告，有时可与should
互换，比should语气强些。如，
You ought to have come here
earlier. 你应该早来这儿的。
2. And there they were, the
gifts all sorts of wonderful things, mixed-up
piles of presents.
礼物全在那儿，各种各样奇妙的东西，一堆堆的礼物，混合在一起。
1) the gifts, all sorts of
wonderful things和mixed-up
piles of presents 是主语they的同位语。
2) there和here放在句首时，如果主语是名词句子要倒装，如果是代词则不用倒装。
[例句]
Here we are . 我们来了。
There comes the bus.
汽车来了。
3. Only my stocking was
empty, it hung limp. 只有我的长统袜是空的，软绵绵地挂在那儿。
1) limp是形容词，在句子中作主语补足语，说明主语的状态。
2) hang为半系动词，同形容词一起构成系表结构。类似的词还有sit,
stand, lie, go, come, rise等。
[例句]
He stands still. 他静静地站着。
He sat there silent.
他沉默地坐在那儿。
The bird was lying dead in
the snow. 那只鸟躺在雪地上死了。
His good dream came true.
他的美梦成真。
The milk has gone bad.
牛奶已经变质了。
The sun rises red.
太阳升起来，红彤彤的。
4. That helped some.
这样一来，心里好受了些。
1) that指代前面提到的crying。
2) some = rather, a little
多少有些，有点，几分，稍微
[例句]
--- Are you feeling better today?
--- Some, I guess.
5. And my father must have
been hurt too, a little. 父亲心里肯定也有点不好受。
must have done
一定，肯定，表示对过去情况或动作的肯定猜测。
[例句]
It must have rained hard last night; the ground
is still wet. 昨天晚上一定是下大雨了，地还是湿的。
6. He was watching me or
something for an hour or two drawing back the
curtain so little lest I catch him, but I saw
his face, and I think I can see now the anxiety
upon it, the worried patience.
有两个钟头，他一直在留神我的动静；他只把窗帘掀开一点，生怕我发现他，但我还是看到了他的脸。我觉得我现在还能看到他脸上的忧虑神情，那种担心而又焦虑的神情。
此句中drawing back the curtain
so little为伴随状语，lest I
catch him为状语从句；and引导的句子与主句是并列关系，句中用一般现在时，生动地再现作者对父亲当时的神情记忆犹新；the
worried patience是anxiety的同位语,对其补足说明。
7. For such a horse as that I
would have given anything.
要是有这样一匹马。我愿意付出任何代价。
1) 此句中用了虚拟语气，其中介词for相当于一个条件状语从句。这种表示隐含虚拟条件的词还有but
for (要是没有), with,
without 等。如，
Without air, there would be
no living things. 没有空气就没有生物。
But for sunlight, there would
be no moonlight. 没有阳光就没有月光。
2) such sth as / that = of he
specified kind (用于预指后文)下述一类的，(像后面提及的)那样的，这样的，如此的。如，
Such a disaster as her car
being stolen had never happened before. 有的祸事，像她的汽车被盗之类，以前从未发生过。
Such poets as Keats and
Shelly wrote romantic poetry.
有些诗人，如济慈和雪莱，写的是浪漫主义诗歌。
Such advice as he was given
proved almost worthless. 给他提的那些建议简直毫无价值。
8. He went on saying
something about “ought to have got here at seven
o’clock, but …”
他还在往下说，说什么“本该七点钟就到这里，但是…”
ought to + have done句型表示过去应该做而没有做的事。
[例句]
He ought to have told her about that matter.
他当初本该将那件事告诉她的。
She ought to have bought some
more bread yesterday. 昨天她本该多买些面包来。
同义辨析
1.
cry, weep,
sob
a.
cry
是一般用语，多指发出声音的哭泣。
b.
weep
多指无声地流泪。
c.
sob
是“啜泣，抽泣”，多指小声地呜咽。
[例句]
She cried bitterly at the news of his father’
death. 她听到父亲突然死亡的消息大声痛哭起来。
She could weep when she think
of her failure to go to college.
一想到自己没有能够去上大学，她就会掉眼泪。
There was a little boy
sobbing in the corner. 有个小男孩躲在角落里抽泣。
2.
wrong,
fault
a.
wrong
是一个正式的词，指特别严重或不正当的行为。
b.
fault
是人的性格中不好的东西，或者是指某人对错误的结果应负的责任
[例句]
He committed a great wrong. 他犯了一个极大的错误。
One of his faults is that he
is always late. 他的毛病之一就是老是迟到。
It’s your fault we lost the
car. 我们丢了车都是你的错。
3.
rise, raise, arise
a.
rise是不及物动词，指自动升起，如河水、价格的上涨，太阳的升起；
b.
raise为及物动物，多指使物体垂直升高，抬高到一定高度，可引申为提升、提高的意义；
c.
arise是不及物动词，指问题、困难等的出现。
[例句]
The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。
The river rises regularly
each spring. 每年春天河水有规律地上涨。
She raised her finger to her
lips as a sign for silence.
她把手指举到唇边，示意保持安静。
He was raised to the rank of
captain. 他被提升为上尉。
Some unexpected difficulties
have arisen. 出现了一些意外的困难。
The bank will extend your
loan, should the need arise.
如果出现这种需要，银行将延长你的贷款期。
4.
anger,
rage, indignation
a.
anger是不可数名词，为表示愤怒的最常用词，仅指情感方面的反应，并不一定有明显的外部表现；
b.
rage
= (a sudden feeling of) wild uncontrollable
anger盛怒，狂怒，指愤怒到失去自我控制的地步，有强烈的情感外露，可作可数或不可数名词；
c.
indignation指出于正义而对于卑鄙可耻的事感到极其愤怒或义愤，为正式用语，是不可数名词。
[例句]
The workers reacted with anger and frustration
to the closure of the factory.
工人因工厂关闭感到气愤和失望。
He flies into a rage every
time I mention money. 每次我一提到钱， 他就勃然大怒。
I expressed my indignation at
being unfairly dismissed. 我对遭到不公正的解雇表示愤慨。
Their violence aroused strong
indignation of the people there.
他们的暴行激起了那里的人民的极大愤慨。
学习误区警示
1.
lest
conj. 以免，唯恐
[例句]
I wrote the date of her birthday lest I forget
it. 我把她的生日记下来，以免忘了。
[注意]
在lest所引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词多用
“should + 原形动词”来表示虚拟，should有时也可省略。相似的词组还有in
case, for fear that。
[例句]
The young driver looked over the engine
carefully lest it should go wrong on the way.
年轻的司机仔细地检查发动机，以免它在路上出毛病。
Please remind me of it again
tomorrow in case I forget.
明天请再提醒我一遍，以免忘了。
He handled the instrument
with care for fear that it should be damaged.
2.
make sure的用法提示
make sure 后边跟宾语从句，也可跟of
+名词。
make sure有两层意思：
a. to find out if something
is certainly true查明，弄确实
b. to take action so that
something will certainly happen (采取行动)确保
在表示第二层意思时make sure
后面的从句通常用一般现在时。
[例句]
I think I locked the door, but I’ll just go back
and make sure (of it / that I did it).
我想我是锁了门，但我还是回去查看一下吧。
Make sure (that) you get here
before midnight. 你要确保在午夜之前到达这里。
They made sure of winning by
scoring two goals in the last five minutes.
它们在最后五分钟进了两个球，确保了这场比赛的胜利。
3. 情态动词的一些特定用法
1) 情态动词must,
may, might, can, could的猜测性用法
情态动词must, may, might, can,
could等的一般现在时、进行式、完成时可用于表示对某种动作或状态的猜测，分成以下几种情况：
a.
表示对目前状况、目前正在进行的动作的猜测，结构为：
must / may / might + be +名词/介词短语/
V-ing / V-ed /副词
must表示肯定猜测，may和might表示不肯定猜测。
当上述结构用于疑问句和否定句时，must常用can取代。
[例句]
He must / may / might be in the library.
他准是/可能是/大概是在图书馆。
They must / may / might / be
swimming in the river. 他们准是/可能是/大概是在河里游泳。
Can they still be there now?
他们可能还在那儿吗？
He can’t be more than 30.
他不可能超过30 岁。
b.
表示对曾经发生过的动作的猜测，结构如下：
must / may / might / would /
could + have + V-ed / been-V-ing
当上述结构用于疑问句和否定句时，must常用can取代。
[例句]
His watch must have stopped. I will go and call
him. 他的表准是停了。我去叫他。
We could have solved the
problem in a more reasonable fashion.
我们本来可以以更为合理的方式解决这个问题。
He can’t have taken it home.
他不可能把它带回家去了。
2) should / ought to have +
过去分词及其否定式的情态意义
从情态意义分析，should / ought to
have + 过去分词表示应该做的事情没有做到，即“本应该…”；should
not / ought not to have +
过去分词则表示做了不应该做的事情，即“本不应该…”。
[例句]
The flower is dead. I should have given it more
water. 花枯死了，我本应多给它浇点水的。
With all the work on hand, he
shouldn’t / oughtn’t to have gone to the cinema
last night. 手头有这么多工作要做，他昨天晚上不应该去看电影。
3) needn’t have +
过去分词的情态意义
needn’t have +
过去分词表示“本不必要…”这样一种情态意义，也就是说做了不必要做的事情，并表示过去时间。
[例句]
You needn’t have interrupted the class to tell
me that; you could have come up to me
afterwards. 你本来没有必要打断上课来告诉我那件事；你可以稍后再来找我。
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